In this article, I briefly describe the generation of peripheral tolerance. It refers to the mechanisms that regulate self-reactive lymphocytes after they leave the primary lymphoid organs. It ensures that immune responses against the body’s own tissues are prevented through processes such as anergy, suppression by regulatory cells, and controlled antigen presentation. These mechanisms help … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the central tolerance in primary lymphoid organs. Central tolerance is a fundamental immunological mechanism that ensures self-tolerance by regulating lymphocyte development. It is established within primary lymphoid organs, where self-reactive T and B lymphocytes are eliminated, modified, or redirected into regulatory pathways. This process is essential for maintaining immune … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the role of Fc receptors in antibody effector functions. Fc receptors (FcRs) are specialized cell-surface receptors that bind to the Fc region of antibodies and link humoral immunity with cellular immune responses. By interacting with different antibody classes, FcRs regulate key immune functions, such as phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe how genetic predisposition and environmental exposures interact to drive the development of Type I hypersensitivity (allergic) diseases. Type I hypersensitivity, commonly known as allergy, is an IgE-driven immune disorder characterized by exaggerated responses to otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Its development is influenced by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition … Read more >>
In this article, I provide a brief description of high-density lipoproteins and reverse cholesterol transport. Cholesterol is an essential lipid required for maintaining membrane integrity, synthesizing hormones, and forming bile acids, but its excess is detrimental. Maintaining cholesterol balance depends on coordinated synthesis, transport by lipoproteins, and elimination. This article examines cholesterol transport pathways, the … Read more >>
In this article, I provide a brief overview of the major pathways involved in cholesterol transport and lipoprotein metabolism, which regulate lipid distribution and homeostasis in humans. Cholesterol plays a crucial role in numerous biological processes, yet its movement within the body requires specialized transport systems. Lipoproteins enable the circulation of cholesterol and other lipids … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly explain the biochemical and physical characterization of bacteria present in milk. Milk provides an excellent environment for the growth of diverse bacterial populations. The biochemical and physiological characterization of bacteria present in milk is therefore essential for understanding milk quality, spoilage patterns, and safety concerns. Microbial Association with Food and … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the induction of immune tolerance in organ transplantation. The process of organ transplantation remains limited by immune-mediated graft rejection, prompting extensive efforts to understand and control host immune responses. Allograft Acceptance Without Immunosuppression The recipient’s immune system may occasionally accept an allograft with minimal or no immunosuppressive therapy. This … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the types of therapeutic approaches to immune suppression. Therapeutic approaches to immune suppression encompass a broad range of strategies designed to prevent or modulate the host’s immune response against transplanted tissues. These interventions target key cellular and molecular pathways involved in allorecognition, aiming to preserve graft function while minimizing … Read more >>
In this article, I briefly describe the immunological mechanisms underlying graft rejection. Graft rejection is a complex immune reaction in which the recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted tissue as foreign and mounts a defense against it. Understanding the immunological pathways underlying this response, from T-cell activation to antibody-mediated injury, is essential for improving transplant … Read more >>